Avulsion of permanent teeth is one of the most serious dental injuries, and a prompt and correct emergency management is very important for the prognosis. The International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) has developed a consensus statement after a review of the dental literature and group discussions. Experienced researchers and clinicians from various specialties were included in the task group. The guidelines represent the current best evidence and practice based on literature research and professionals’ opinion. In cases where the data did not appear conclusive, recommendations were based on the consensus opinion or majority decision of the task group. Finally, the IADT board members were giving their opinion and approval. The primary goal of these guidelines is to delineate an approach for the immediate or urgent care of avulsed permanent teeth.

This chapter exemplifies the use of experimental techniques, borrowed from software engineering, to create validated knowledge in the Security field. Systematic approaches for secure software development, specifically those implying some sort of process aligned with the software development life cycle (SDLC), are called security methodologies. There are a number of security methodologies in the literature, of which the most flexible and most satisfactory from an industry adoption viewpoint are methodologies that encapsulate their security solutions in some fashion, such as via the use of security patterns, security tactics security tactics, or security vulnerabilities. Security tactics security tactics are proven reusable architectural building blocks that encapsulate design decision knowledge to support the achievement of the security attributes. Security patterns are encapsulated solutions to recurrent security design problems that cover all software life cycle stages, including handling threats and fixing vulnerabilities in software systems. Both tactics and patterns describe design decisions to mitigate specific security threats, and both are organized in catalogs.

Las personas en situación de calle están expuestas a mayores problemas de salud debido a la vulnerabilidad sociosanitaria que poseen. Estas personas presentan barreras de acceso y baja afiliación a la atención en salud lo que dificulta la entrega de cuidados. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los cuidados de enfermería que se entregan a las personas en situación de calle a nivel mundial. Se realizó una revisión de literatura en Web of science, Scopus, EBSCO, CINAHL y Scielo, filtrando por artículos de los últimos 5 años, idioma español, inglés y portugués, y texto completo. Se utilizaron las expresiones de búsqueda [Nursing care AND Homeless persons] y [Nursing care AND Homeless persons NOT Hospitalization]. Se seleccionaron 24 artículos en donde se identificaron cuidados de promoción, prevención y educación para la salud, cuidados clínicos, de salud mental y adicciones, de rehabilitación, cuidados paliativos y muerte digna. Estos cuidados fueron entregados estableciendo una relación terapéutica y una participación activa e integrada con el equipo multidisciplinario, brindando atención clínica en lugares fijos y móviles, realizando acciones de gestión en red y administrativas en las que los profesionales de enfermería contribuyeron promoviendo el acceso a la atención de salud. Como conclusión, a nivel mundial actualmente se entregan cuidados de enfermería que se adaptan al contexto y necesidades de las personas en situación de calle, sin embargo, aún es necesario priorizar esfuerzos para organizar nuevas formas de cuidar a esta población e incluirlos en el sistema sanitario.

Voltage-dependent K + channels are the intrinsic membrane proteins that draw the cell resting potential toward K + equilibrium potential by forming a conduction pathway, or pore, through which K + selectively diffuses down the electrochemical gradient across the membrane. The voltage imposed across the cell membrane governs pore opening, hence the name voltage-dependent K + channels. These channels serve as the appropriate negative feedback to excitatory inputs on a cell when they are active by hyperpolarizing the cell membrane. In general, voltage-dependent K + channels increase their activity on membrane depolarization, this activation dampens the excitatory events that depolarize the cell membrane and/or elevate the cytosolic Ca 2+ . Voltage-dependent K + channels are widely distributed in mammalian tissues and play important physiological roles. Some of the roles that voltage-dependent K + channels play include setting the duration of action potentials and the interspike interval during repetitive firing in neurons and in the heart, secreting K + in epithelia, setting the smooth muscle tone, and determining the resonance frequency in hair cells. Voltage-dependent K + channels are made of subunits that assemble in the bilayer as tetramers to form highly selective K + channels. The tremendous diversity of voltage-dependent K + channels can be attributed to the large number of different genes present, alternative splicing, auxiliary β-subunits, and metabolic regulation.

Soft-bottom macrobenthic communities on the continental shelf of central Chile were characterised, in number, by polychaetes, followed by amphipods, bivalves and cumaceans, while biomass was dominated byAmphioplus magellanicus(Ophiuroidea). The standing stocks followed a parabolic pattern relative to depth (highest at mid-shelf) but the species were divided into inshore (22 to 50 m) and offshore (80 to 140 m) assemblages, based on the similarity in species composition. Diversity (Es) was highest in the shallow assemblage and lowest at the deeper locations, suggesting that the decline in oxygen offshore was impacting the numbers of species. Dominance followed the opposite pattern, with greatest dominance at the deepest two stations. The distribution of sizes at each site, measured as normalised biomass size spectra (NBSS), was not different among the sites, although total biomass was concentrated in the single large ophiuroid at the deepest location. Significant correlations (p< 0.05) indicated that diversity and number of species were mainly related to the organic content (i.e. total organic carbon) and sediment composition (grain size). Therefore, food supply from primary production and the physical properties of the seafloor are thought to be the main forces structuring the macrobenthos biodiversity and distribution.

This study examines the role of coping strategies related to positive reappraisal versus other cognitive strategies (deliberate rumination) as mediators between life impact and posttraumatic growth in survivors of the military dictatorship in Chile between 1973 and 1990 (tortured political prisoners and family members of political prisoners executed and missing). Survey data from 251 political violence survivors were analyzed using the SPSS PROCESS macro for bootstrapping indirect effects (Hayes, 2013). Results indicated that positive reappraisal (or reframing) coping mediated the relationship between life impact and posttraumatic growth. A serial multiple mediation model indicates that in the life impact to growth moderation process, rumination must be followed by positive reappraisal to drive this growth. These findings suggest that positive reappraisal of the traumatic experience is essential to achieve growth reports. Implications of these more complex relations are discussed for both counseling interventions and further research.

Consider longitudinal observations across different subjects such that the underlying distribution is determined by a non-linear mixed-effects model. In this context, we look at the misclassification error rate for allocating future subjects using cross-validation, bootstrap algorithms (parametric bootstrap, leave-one-out, .632 and [Formula: see text]), and bootstrap cross-validation (which combines the first two approaches), and conduct a numerical study to compare the performance of the different methods. The simulation and comparisons in this study are motivated by real observations from a pregnancy study in which one of the main objectives is to predict normal versus abnormal pregnancy outcomes based on information gathered at early stages. Since in this type of studies it is not uncommon to have insufficient data to simultaneously solve the classification problem and estimate the misclassification error rate, we put special attention to situations when only a small sample size is available. We discuss how the misclassification error rate estimates may be affected by the sample size in terms of variability and bias, and examine conditions under which the misclassification error rate estimates perform reasonably well.

Resumen (analítico): este trabajo analiza la experiencia de un grupo de jóvenes estudiantes daneses en la Universidad de Valparaíso, en el marco de un programa de movilidad internacional.El uso de relatos de vida nos permite describir no sólo las formas en que esta experiencia transforma sus identidades y sus trayectorias académicas, profesionales e ideológicas, sino también sus imaginarios sobre los lugares de origen y destino.Los hallazgos contribuyen a la discusión sobre la dimensión sociocultural y política de la globalización, en particular la articulación entre los valores de una ciudadanía global y las diferentes formas de comprender y vivir la alteridad.

El objetivo del estudio es comparar las variables nutricionales con la morbimortalidad postoperatoria en cirugía digestiva oncológica. Estudio de cohorte prospectiva de pacientes sometidos a intervenciones quirúrgicas por neoplasias malignas digestivas en el Hospital Eduardo Pereira entre octubre de 2012 y febrero de 2014. Se creó una base de datos con el software Filemaker Pro. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el programa SPSS 15.0. Se utilizó la prueba t de Student o U de Mann Whitney según correspondiera y se consideró significativo un valor de p < 0,05. Se estudiaron 182 pacientes con un promedio de edad de 65,7 ± 12,3 años. Un 54,4% (99) de los pacientes fueron de sexo masculino. La neoplasia más frecuente fue el cáncer de colon en el 35,5% (64). Se presentaron complicaciones en 34,1% (62) de los pacientes, los cuales presentaron menor valor del pliegue tricipital (p < 0,01). Fallecieron un 6,2% (12), los cuales tenían menor nivel de albuminemia (p < 0,01). En los grupos de cirugía esofagogástrica no se encontraron diferencias al comparar la morbimortalidad y las variables nutricionales. En el grupo de cirugía de colon se encontraron diferencias significativas al comparar el índice de masa corporal (p < 0,01) con las complicaciones. En el grupo de cirugía pancreática los pacientes que presentaron complicaciones tenían mayor peso (p = 0,04), circunferencia braquial (p = 0,04) y albuminemia (p = 0,04). En el presente estudio se hallaron diferencias significativas al comparar algunas variables nutricionales con la morbilidad postoperatoria en cirugía de colon y páncreas. The aim of the study is to compare the nutritional variables with postoperative morbimortality in oncological digestive surgery. Prospective cohort study of patients undergoing surgery for gastrointestinal malignancies in Eduardo Pereira Hospital between october 2012 and february 2014. A database in Filemaker Pro software was created. SPSS 15.0 software was used for statistical analysis. T test or Mann Whitney U was used as appropriate and a value of P < .05 was considered significant. 182 patients were studied with an average age of 65.7 ± 12.3 years; 54.4% (99) patients were male, the most common neoplasm was colon cancer in 35.5% (64). Complications occurred in 34.1% (62) patients, which have less value of triceps skinfold (P < .01); 6.2% died (12), which had lower levels of serum albumin (P < .01). In the esophagogastric surgery group no differences were found when comparing the morbimortality and nutritional variables. In the colon surgery group significant differences were found when comparing the body mass index (P < .01) with complications. In the pancreatic surgery group patients who experienced complications had higher weight (P = .04), arm circumference (P = .04) and albumin (P = .04). In the present study significant differences were found when comparing some nutritional variables with postoperative morbidity in colon and pancreas surgery.

Conducting polymer nanostructuring enables a substantial improvement of many electro-catalytic processes, e.g., formic acid (HCOOH, FA) electro-oxidation. In this case, a stainless steel (SS) electrode is first modified with poly(1-amino-9,10-anthraquinone-co-o-phenylenediamine) (COP) and then, by means of a template that can be chemically removed, poly(1-amino-9,10-anthraquinone) nanowires (P1AAQnw) are electro-synthesized; this procedure has allowed the effective FA electro-catalytic oxidation generating adsorbed CO, which is quickly converted to CO2. Subsequently, when platinum nanoparticles (dispersed by electro-chemical techniques) are also incorporated on the polymeric nanowires, oxidation peaks are observed at ca. 1000 mV, with a current increase up to fourfold. In this way, the method provides a highly reproducible nanostructured electrode that is prepared solely by electro-chemical techniques offering promising results for FA electro-catalytic oxidation.

We enlarge the classes of inflaton and quintessence fields by generalizing the pseudo-Nambu–Goldstone boson potential by means of elliptic Jacobian functions, which are characterized by a parameter [Formula: see text]. We use such a generalization to implement an inflationary era and a late acceleration of the universe. As an inflationary model, the Jacobian generalization leads us to a number of e-foldings and a primordial spectrum of perturbations compatible with the Planck Collaboration 2015. As a quintessence model, a study of the evolution of its equation-of-state (EoS) and its [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] plane helps us to classify it as a thawing model. This allows us to consider analytical approximations for the EoS recently discovered for thawing quintessence. By using JLA supernovae Ia and Hubble parameter [Formula: see text] data sets, we perform an observational analysis of the viability of the model as quintessence.

This paper focuses in the adaptive multicast routing and wavelength assigment (MC-RWA) problem over a dynamic WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) network whose nodes have multicast and full wavelength-conversion capability, in order to evaluate the performance of multicast routing algorithm, proposed in this work, named Mejor cercania (BC) in a network under different operating conditions. The evaluation is done through simulation, and in each experiment the session blocking probability is measured for a network under specific operating conditions. This performance is compared with an adaptation of the Smart Edge Removal Light Hierarchy (S-ERLH) and the Pruned Minimum Spanning Tree (PMST). The results shows that BC reaches blocking session probabilities orders of magnitud lower than obtained with S-ERLH and PMST, in all simulation scenarios.

In operation research and optimization area, Autonomous Search is a technique that provides the solver the auto-adaptive capability, during search process. This technique aims to improve performance in the exploration of search tree, updating the enumeration strategy online. This task is controlled by a choice function (CF) which decides, based on performance indicators given from the solver, how the strategy must be updated. The relevance of indicators is handled via back hole algorithm, inspired on natural phenomenon that occurs in outer space. If choice function exhibits a poor performance, the strategy is replacement and solver continue exploring the search tree under new enumeration strategy. In this paper, we present an evaluation of the impact and efficient using 16 different carefully constructed choice functions. We employ as test bed a set of well-known constrain satisfaction problems. Encouraging experimental results are obtained in order to show which using choice functions is highly efficient, if want to control the search process, online way.

The course "Software Analysis Methodologies" of Computer Science career at the University of Valparaiso has among its objectives to contribute to the development of competencies related to software requirements analysis. Traditionally, through the course the students applied methods and techniques for software requirements analysis in a project with real stakeholders. Nonetheless, this activities were performed outside the classroom, not allowing the teacher to assess the performance of critical competencies, not only related to the application of software engineering knowledge, but also related to the articulation of skills such as obtaining requirements through interviews, information organization and modeling, peer communication, analysis and validation using technical language, conflict management with stakeholders, and requirements validation with stakeholders using nontechnical language. This paper presents the approach of project-based learning with work activities with real stakeholders in classes. As result it has managed to continuously assess the development of skills, a pass rate of 96%, and the achievement of learning outcomes validated by a real counterpart (stakeholder), and also by the teacher and teammates. Also, this initiative shows the articulation of two Institutional Improvement Projects funded by the Ministry of Education, for STEM teaching methodologies, and for the application of Information Technology in the classroom.

Objective To measure lung function by impulse oscillometry (IOS) and spirometry in recurrent wheezer pre-schoolers according to their asthma predictive index (API) condition. Methods We performed a case–control study enrolling all pre-schoolers with recurrent wheezing episodes (>3 episodes confirmed by physician) who presented at a paediatric pulmonology clinic. The population was divided according to stringent API criteria into positive or negative. Results In the nine-month period, 109 pre-schoolers were enrolled. After excluding one patient (due to lung function technique problems) 108 pre-schoolers (56 males, age range from 24 to 72 months) completed the study; 50 belong to positive API and 58 to negative API group. There were no differences in demographics between groups. More use of ICS was found in those with positive API than with negative API (62% vs. 12%, respectively, p = 0.001). No differences in basal lung function and post-bronchodilator response to salbutamol (by IOS or spirometry) were found between positive and negative API pre-schoolers. However, those positive API pre-schoolers with ICS had significantly higher central basal airway resistance (RA at 20 Hz) and higher post-BD response (% change in FEF 25–75 and in FEV 0.5 ) than those positive API without ICS. Conclusion Recurrent wheezer pre-schoolers with positive API and ICS used may have airway dysfunction. More studies are needed to confirm this finding.

A class of constitutive relations for elastic bodies has been proposed recently, where the linearized strain tensor is expressed as a nonlinear function of the stress tensor. Considering this new type of constitutive equation, the initial boundary value problem for such elastic bodies has been expressed only in terms of the stress tensor. In this communication, this new type of nonlinear wave equation is studied for the case of a one-dimensional straight bar. Conditions for the existence of the travelling wave solutions are given and some self-similar solutions are obtained.

Cancer cells generate protons (H + ) that are extruded to the extracellular medium mainly via the Na + /H + exchanger 1 (NHE1), which regulates intracellular pH (pHi) and cell proliferation . In primary cultures of human ascites-derived ovarian cancer cells (haOC) we assayed whether NHE1 was required for pHi modulation and cell proliferation . Human ovary expresses NHE1, which is higher in haOC and A2780 (ovarian cancer cells) compared with HOSE cells (normal ovarian cells). Basal pHi and pHi recovery (following a NH 4 Cl pulse) was higher in haOC and A2780, compared with HOSE cells. Zoniporide (NHE1 inhibitor) caused intracellular acidification and pHi recovery was independent of intracellular buffer capacity, but reduced in NHE1 knockdown A2780 cells. Zoniporide reduced the maximal proliferation capacity, cell number, thymidine incorporation , and ki67 (marker of proliferation) fluorescence in haOC cells. SLC9A1 (for NHE1) amplification associated with lower overall patient survival. In conclusion, NHE1 is expressed in human ovarian cancer where it has a pro-proliferative role. Increased NHE1 expression and activity constitute an unfavourable prognostic factor in these patients.

In this work, a continuous multistage electrodialytic technique is evaluated as a possible treatment of copper smelter wastewater. Six experiments with different values of feed flow rate, current density and treatment time were carried out. It was possible to concentrate copper during experiments and a maximum recovery of 10% was achieved. The experiment with a feed flow rate of 30 mL min −1 , current density of 300 A m −2 and a treatment time of 2 h was the most efficient, with a copper recovery of 5.1%. In sections where copper was concentrated, a solution with mCu/mAs ratio around 2 was obtained, this value is substantially higher than 0.1, which is the value for a mining wastewater.

Regulation of blood flow depends on systemic and local release of vasoactive molecules such as insulin and adenosine. These molecules cause vasodilation by activation of plasma membrane receptors at the vascular endothelium. Adenosine activates at least four subtypes of adenosine receptors (A 1 AR, A 2A AR, A 2B AR, A 3 AR), of which A 2A AR and A 2B AR activation leads to increased cAMP level, generation of nitric oxide, and relaxation of the underlying smooth muscle cell layer. Vasodilation caused by adenosine also depends on plasma membrane hyperpolarization due to either activation of intermediate-conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + channels in vascular smooth muscle or activation of ATP-activated K + channels in the endothelium. Adenosine also causes vasoconstriction via a mechanism involving A 1 AR activation resulting in lower cAMP level and increased thromboxane release. Insulin has also a dual effect causing NO-dependent vasodilation, but also sympathetic activity- and increased endothelin 1 release-dependent vasoconstriction. Interestingly, insulin effects require or are increased by activation or inactivation of adenosine receptors. This is phenomenon described for d -glucose and l -arginine transport where A 2A AR and A 2B AR play a major role. Other studies show that A 1 AR activation could reduce insulin release from pancreatic β-cells. Whether adenosine modulation of insulin biological effect is a phenomenon that depends on co-localization of adenosine receptors and insulin receptors, and adenosine plasma membrane transporters is something still unclear. This review summarizes findings addressing potential involvement of adenosine receptors to modulate insulin effect via insulin receptors with emphasis in the human vasculature.

The relevance of autophagy in neuronal health has been extensively reported in a plethora of conditions affecting the nervous system , such as neurodegenerative diseases , cancer, diabetes, and tissue injury , where altered autophagic activity may contribute to the pathological process . Autophagy is a dynamic pathway involving the formation of a membrane surrounding and enclosing cargoes that are delivered to lysosomal compartments for degradation. Cargoes can include large protein aggregates, organelles , or even pathogens . Traditionally, autophagy assessment relies on the measurement of LC3-II protein levels or the visualization of LC3-positive puncta. However, these approaches represent a static measurement of autophagy markers, making difficult the dissection of the actual changes in the autophagy process (activation, inhibition, or no effects), due to the dynamic regulation of LC3 viral levels. To circumvent this limitation, we previously developed an adeno-associated vector (AAV) to deliver a molecular autophagy sensor to the neuronal compartment in vivo. Here, we describe the detailed design and methods to use an engineered AAV harboring the monomeric tandem mCherry-GFP-LC3 to determine autophagic fluxes in the nervous system . Key methodological details to succeed in the use of this reporter are provided.